ASTM C1728-23 Standard Specification forFlexible Aerogel Insulation1
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.
Designation:C1728-23
INTERNATIONAL
Standard Specification for
Flexible Aerogel Insulation¹
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1728;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1.Scope
1.1 This specification covers the classification and perfor-
mance of flexible aerogel thermal insulation.This will cover
the range of continuous exposure operating temperatures from
-321°F(-196℃)up to 1200°F(649℃).
1.2 For satisfactory performance,properly installed protec-
tive vapor retarders or barriers shall be used on below ambient
temperature applications to reduce movement of moisture
through or around the insulation to the colder surface.Failure
to use a vapor retarder or barrier could lead to insulation and
system non-performance.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard.The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
test methods described in this specification.This standard does
not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,
associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this
standard to establish appropriate safety,health,and environ-
mental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards,Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:²
C165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of
Thermal Insulations
!This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on
Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.23 on
Blanket and Loose Fill Insulation.
Current edition approved April 1,2023.Published Apil 2023.Originally
approved in 2012.Last previous edition approved in 2022 as C1728-22.DOI:
10.1520/C1728-23.
²For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information,refer to the standard's Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
C167 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket or
Batt Thermal Insulations
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
C303 Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Pre-
formed Block and Board-Type Thermal Insulation
C335 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Properties
of Pipe Insulation
C356 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-
Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to Soaking
Heat
C390 Practice for Sampling and Acceptance of Thermal
Insulation Lots
C411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-
Temperature Thermal Insulation
C447 Practice for Estimating the Maximum Use Tempera-
ture of Thermal Insulations
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
C795 Specification for Thermal Insulation for Use in Con-
tact with Austenitic Stainless Steel
C1045 Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Prop-
erties Under Steady-State Conditions
C1058 Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating
and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation
C1101/C1101M Test Methods for Classifying the Flexibility
or Rigidity of Mineral Fiber Blanket and Board Insulation
C1104/C1104M Test Method for Determining the Water
Vapor Sorption of Unfaced Mineral Fiber Insulation
C1114 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus
C1338 Test Method for Determining Fungi Resistance of
Insulation Materials and Facings
C1617 Practice for Quantitative Accelerated Laboratory
Evaluation of Extraction Solutions Containing Ions
Leached from Thermal Insulation on Aqueous Corrosion
of Metals
C1763 Test Method for Water Absorption by Immersion of
Thermal Insulation Materials
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
Building Materials
Copyright ◎ASTM Intermational,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States
2
C1728-23
or reinforcements,or a combination thereof,that allow the
construct to be flexible.
6.1.1 A fibrous carrying media or reinforcement,or both,
consists of the following:fibers,batts,strips,sheets,or some
combination thereof.
6.1.1.1 This fibrous carrying media or reinforcement
material,or both,is either organic,such as polyester,or
inorganic,such as glass fibers.Additionally,some flexible
aerogel insulation contains additives such as a water resistant
treatment or opacifiers,or both.
7.Physical,Mechanical and Chemical Property
Requirements
NoTE 1—Performance requirements for flexible aerogel insulation
(Type I Grade 1 Category A,Type I Grade 1 Category B,Type Ⅱ Grade
1 Category A,Type IIIGrade 1 Category A,Type Ⅲ Grade 1 Category B,
Type IⅢ Grade 2 Category A,Type IV Grade 1 Category A,and Type V
Grade 1 Category A)are given in Table 1.
7.1 Maximum Use Temperature—Test in accordance with
Test Method C411 and the hot surface performance of Practice
C447 at the maximum use temperature of the insulation in flat
configuration.The test thickness shall be 3.2 in.(80 mm)or the
manufacturer's maximum recommended thickness and tested
without metal jacketing or other protective layers.The flexible
aerogel insulation shall not flame or glow during hot surface
exposure.No evidence of melting or fiber degradation shall be
evident upon post test inspection.The test surface shall be at
the maximum use temperature specified in Table 1for all Types
except Type III,Grade 1 Category B,when the insulation is
applied.For Type II Grade 1 Category B materials a tempera-
ture ramp of the test surface is permissible and shall be a
minimum of 300°F(167℃)/h and detailed in the test report.
7.2 Thickness and Density—The thickness and density shall
be determined and reported in accordance with Test Methods
C167 or C303.
7.3 Apparent Thermal Conductivity:
7.3.1 Determine the thermal conductivity as a function of
temperature for the representative specimens with data ob-
tained from a series of thermal tests utilizing Test Methods
C177,C518,C1114 ,or C335 as appropriate for the material
under study.Specimen shall be tested unfaced and,for Type III,
Grade 2(pipe configuration per Test Method C335),test at a
minimum of 4 layers.Each layer shall have a minimum
thickness of 0.2 in.(5 mm).The test report shall state the
barometric pressure at the time of the tests.See Note 2 below.
7.3.2 As specified in Practice C1045, the range of test
conditions must include at least one test where the hot surface
temperature is greater than,or equal to,the hot limit of the
temperature range of desired data and at least one test where
the cold temperature is less than,or equal to,the cold limit of
the temperature range desired.At least two additional tests
shall be performed and distributed evenly over the rest of the
temperature range.
7.3.3 Final analysis of the thermal data shall be conducted in
accordance with Practice C1045 to generate a thermal conduc-
tivity versus temperature relationship for the specimen.
7.3.4 The final step of Practice C1045 analysis is to calcu-
late the thermal conductivity using the equations generated at
a set of mean temperatures for comparison to the specification.
3.Terminology
3.1 Definitions:For definitions used in this specification,see
Terminology A3.
3.1.1 fexible aerogel insulation,n—a flexible insulation
containing a composite of aerogel,fibrous carrying media,or
reinforcements,or a combination thereof.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Opacifiers are sometimes added as ei-
ther fibers or powders.
3.2 Abbreviations:
3.2.1 N/A—Not applicable.
4.Classification
4.1 Flexible aerogel insulation shall be classified into five
Types based on the maximum use temperature:
4.1.1 Type I—257F(125℃)
4.1.2 Type II—390°F(200℃)
4.1.3 Type Ⅲ—1200°F(649℃)
4.1.4 Type IV—482°F(250℃)
4.1.5 Type V—1200°F(649℃)
4.2 Type I is subdivided as Grade 1(tested in flat configu-
ration)and Categories A or B by thermal conductivity.
4.3 Type I comprises Grade 1(tested in flat configuration)
and Category A.
4.4 Type III is subdivided into two Grades 1 and 2 whereby
Grade 1 is tested in a flat configuration using Test Method
C177 and Grade 2 is tested only in a pipe configuration using
Test Method C335. Grade 1 is subdivided into Categories A
and B.Category A evaluates maximum use temperature and
exothermic temperature rise with test apparatus at the materials
maximum use temperature.Category B allows those evalua-
tions to be conducted with the test apparatus ramping up to the
maximum use temperature.
4.5 Type IV comprises Grade 1(tested in flat configuration)
and Category A.
4.6 Type V comprises Grade 1(tested in flat configuration)
and Category A.
5.Ordering Information
5.1 The Type,Grade,Category,dimensions,and thickness
shall be specified by the purchaser.A product certification (if
required)shall be specified in the purchase order.
6.Materials and Manufacture
6.1 Composition—Flexible aerogel insulation is a composite
of an amorphous silica-based aerogel,a fibrous carrying media,
E2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of
Pipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess Surface
Burning Characteristics
2.2 Other Standards:³
CAN/ULC-S102 Standard Method of Test for Surface Burn-
ing Characteristics of Building Materials and Assemblies
³Available from Underwriters Laboratories(UL),2600 N.W.Lake Rd.,Camas,
WA 98607-8542,http://www.ul.com.
3
C1728-23
TABLE 1 Performance Requirements for Types I,II III,and IV Flexible Aerogel Insulation
Type
I
I
I
Ⅲ
IⅢ
Ⅲ
IV
V
Grade
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
Category
A
B
A
A
B
A
A
A
Maximum use temperature,
F(℃)
Minimum use temperature,
F(℃)
Minimum/Maximum Composite Density,
Ibs/t³(kg/m³)
Apparent thermal conductivity,
max,Btuein/heft²●F(W/moK)
Mean Temperature,F(℃)
-200(-129)
-100(-73.3)
0(-17.8)
75(23.9)
100(37.8)
200(93.3)
300(149)
400(204)
500(260)
600(316)
700(371)
Compressive resistance,min,
@10%deformation,psi(kPa)
Surface burning characteristics:
Flame spread index,max Smoke developed,max
Exothermic temperature rise,maximum,
with no facings or jacketing of any type,
run at maximum recommended thickness
Water absorption,maximum%by weight
After conditioning at 600°F(316℃)for 24h
257
(125)
-321
(-196)
1.9 to 6.3
(30 to 100)
0.098
(0.014)
0.12
(0.017)
0.14
(0.021)
0.17
0.024)
0.17
(0.025)
0.21
(0.030)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.75
(5.2)
Not Rated
NA
150 %
NA
257 390 1200 1200 1200 482 1200
(125) (199) (649) (649) (649) (250) (649)
-321
-321
75
75
75
-321
75
(-196)
-196)
(24)
(24)
(24)
(-196)
(24)
5.0 to 11.2 4.7 to 9.4 10.0 to 15.0 10.0 to 15.0 10.0 to 15.010.0 to 15.0 7.5 to 11.2
(80 to 180) (75 to 150) (160 to 240) (160 to 240)(160 to 240)(160 to 240)(120 to 180)
0.096
(0.014)
0.10
0.015)
0.11
(0.016)
0.12
(0.017)
0.12
(0.017)
0.13
(0.019)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5
(34.5)
25
50
NA
8%
NA
0.073
(0.011)
0.091
(0.013)
0.11
(0.016)
0.13
(0.019)
0.14
(0.020)
0.18
(0.025)
0.22
(0.032)
NA
NA
NA
NA
5
(34.5)
Not Rated
NA
8%
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.14
(0.021)
0.15
(0.022)
0.16
(0.023)
0.18
(0.025)
0.20
(0.029)
0.22
(0.032)
0.25
(0.036)
0.30
(0.043)
3
(20.7)
5
10
200°F
(111℃)
8%
16%
NA
NA
NA
0.14
(0.021)
0.15
(0.022)
0.16
(0.023)
0.18
(0.025)
0.20
(0.029)
0.22
(0.032)
0.25
(0.036)
0.30
(0.043)
3
(20.7)
5
10
200°F
(111℃)
8%
16%
NA
NA
NA
0.16
(0.023)
0.17
(0.024)
0.18
(0.024)
0.21
(0.028)
0.24
(0.033)
0.28
(0.035)
0.33
(0.040)
0.39
(0.048)
3
(20.7)
5
10
200°F
(111℃)
8%
16%
0.10
(0.015)
0.12
(0.017)
0.14
(0.020)
0.15
(0.022)
0.15
(0.022)
0.16
(0.023)
0.17
(0.025)
0.20
0.029)
NA
NA
NA
5
(34.5)
25
50
200°F
(111℃)
8%
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.20
(0.029)
0.22
(0.032)
0.26
(0.038)
0.30
(0.043)
0.34
(0.049)
0.39
(0.056)
0.44
(0.064)
0.51
(0.073)
3
20.7)
5
10
200°F
(111°℃)
8%
16%
7.3.5 Practice C1058 shall be used to obtain recommended
test temperature combinations for testing purposes.
7.4 Flexibility—When tested at the installed thickness in
accordance with the Test Methods C1101/C1101M,the sheet
must qualify as flexible.
7.5 Corrosiveness to Steel—When tested in accordance with
Practice C1617,the mass loss corrosion rate of the unfaced
insulation extract shall not exceed that of the 5-ppm chloride
solution.Test the composite insulation material(with facing
and adhesive)when a facing is factory adhered by the
manufacturer or the fabricator.
7.6 Water Vapor Sorption—When tested in accordance the
Test Method C1104/C1104M,the water vapor sorption of the
flexible insulation shall be not more than 5%by weight.
7.7 Fungi Resistance—When tested in accordance with the
fungi resistance Test Method C1338, the test specimens shall
have no growth greater than that on a comparative item(white
birch wood).
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