ASTM D2132-23 Dust-and-Fog Tracking and Erosion Resistance of ElectricalInsulating Materials1

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organizzation Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.

TERNATOMAL

Designation:D2132-23

Standard Test Method for

Dust-and-Fog Tracking and Erosion Resistance of Electrical

Insulating Materials¹

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2132;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A

superscript epsilon(E)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval

1.Scope*

1.1 This test method is intended to differentiate solid elec-

trical insulating materials with respect to their resistance to the

action of electric arcs produced by conduction through surface

films of a specified contaminant containing moisture.Test

Methods D2302,D2303,D3638 ,and D5288 are also useful to

evaluate materials.

1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are the standard.

The inch-pound units in parentheses are for information only.

The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact

equivalents;therefore,to ensure conformance with the

standard,each system shall be used independently of the other,

and values from the two systems shall not be combined.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

priate safety,health,and environmental practices and deter-

mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

NoTE 1—There is no equivalent ISO standard.

1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-

dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-

ization established in the Decision on Principles for the

Development of International Standards,Guides and Recom-

mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical

Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.

2.Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:²

D709Specification for Laminated Thermosetting Materials

D1711Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation

D2302Method of Test for Differential Wet Tracking Resis-

'This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on

Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of

Subcommittee D09.07 on Electrical Insulating Materials.

Current edition approved Aug.1,2023.Published September 2023.Originally

approved in 1962.Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D2132-19.DOI:

10.1520/D2132-23.

²For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,or

contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information,refer to the standard's Document Summary page on

the ASTM website.

tance of Electrical Insulating Materials with Controlled

Water-to-Metal Discharges (Withdrawn 1982)³

D2303Test Methods for Liquid-Contaminant,Inclined-

Plane Tracking and Erosion of Insulating Materials

D3638Test Method for Comparative Tracking Index of

Electrical Insulating Materials

D5288Test Method for Determining Tracking Index of

Electrical Insulating Materials Using Various Electrode

Materials(Excluding Platinum)

3.Terminology

3.1 Definitions:

3.1.1 For definitions pertinent to this test method see Ter-

minology D1711 .

4.High Voltage Hazard

4.1 Warning—Lethal voltages area potential hazard during

the performance of this test.It is essential that the test

apparatus,and all associated equipment electrically connected

to it,be properly designed and installed for safe operation.

4.2 Solidly ground all electrically conductive parts which it

is possible for a person to contact during the test.

4.3 Provide means for use at the completion of any test to

ground any parts which were at high voltage during the test or

have the potential for acquiring an induced charge during the

test or retaining a charge even after disconnection of the

voltage source.

4.4 Thoroughly instruct all operators as to the correct

procedures for performing tests safely.

4.5 When making high voltage tests,particularly in com-

pressed gas or in oil,it is possible for the energy released at

breakdown to be sufficient to result in fire,explosion,or

rupture of the test chamber.Design test equipment,test

chambers,and test specimens so as to minimize the possibility

of such occurrences and to eliminate the possibility of personal

injury.

NoTE 2—If the potential for fire exists,have fire suppression equipment

available.

3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on

www.astm.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyrighto ASTM International,100 BarrHarborDrive,PO BoxC700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States

5.Summary of Test Method

5.1 With electrodes mounted as shown in Fig.1 ,coat test

specimens with a synthetic dust and test in a chamber shown in

Fig.2. Using the fog nozzle,direct a water spray at the test

specimen.After the surface has been wetted,apply a 60 Hz

voltage between the electrodes.Arcing occurs across localized

high-resistance areas produced by nonuniform evaporation of

the water from the contaminant.These arcs produce high

temperatures in the underlying insulation with resultant car-

bonization of most organic materials.The carbonization con-

centrates the electric field.It is possible further carbonization

will occur in the direction of the field.In such cases,a carbon

track is formed which spans the distance between the elec-

trodes and causes failure.It is possible that materials that do

not track will erode under the action of the arcing.Such erosion

usually progresses from an upper electrode through the thick-

ness of the specimen towards the underlying electrode.

460 mm =18 in.510 mm =20 in.710 mm =28 in.

FIG.2 Dust and Fog Test Chamber,

Minimum Recommended Size

5.2 Rate materials that track in terms of the time required to

form a track between the electrodes.

5.3 Rate materials that do not track in terms of the time

required to erode to failure.

5.4 Failure will be indicated when the current increases

sufficiently to actuate an overcurrent device.

NoTE 3—The conditions o this test favor the formation of a track for

several possible reasons.Most important,the continuous renewal of the

conducting properties of the contaminant by the water spray allows a track

to grow progressively over long periods of time.

of both,if exposed to high relative humidity and contamination

environments.This is particularly true of organic insulations in

outdoor applications where the surface of the insulation be-

comes contaminated by deposits of moisture and dirt,for

example,coal dust or salt spray.This test method is an

accelerated test that simulates extremely severe outdoor con-

tamination.It is believed that the most severe conditions likely

to be encountered in outdoor service in the United States will

be relatively mild compared to the conditions specified in this

test method.

6.Significance and Use

6.1 Method—It is possible that electrical insulation in ser-

vice will fail as a result of tracking,erosion,or a combination

UPPER ELECTRODES

SYNTHETIC

DUST LAYER

GROUND

ELECTRODE

INSULATING

SUPPORT

Metric Equivalents

in.

3.2

12.7

25.4

50.8

FIG.1 Test Arrangement of Electrode System

6.2 Test Results—Materials can be classified by this test

method as tracking-resistant,tracking-affected,or tracking-

susceptible.The exact test values for these categories as they

apply to specific uses will be specified in the appropriate

material specifications,but guideline figures are suggested in

Note 4. Tracking-resistant materials,unless erosion failure

occurs first,have the potential to last many hundreds of hours

(Note 5).Erosion,though it is possible that it will progress

laterally,generally results in a failure perpendicular to the

specimen surface.Therefore,compare only specimens of the

same nominal thickness for resistance to tracking-induced

erosion.Estimate the extent of erosion from measurements of

the depth of penetration of the erosion.Place materials that are

not tracking-susceptible in three broad categories—erosion-

resistant,erosion-affected,and erosion-susceptible.When the

standard thickness specimen is tested,the following times to

failure typify the categories (Note 6):

Erosion-susceptible

Erosion-affected

Erosion-resistant

NoTE 4—Tracking-susceptible materials usually fail within 5 h.

Tracking-affected materials usually fail before about 100 h.

NoTE 5—This information is derived from the individual experiences of

eight laboratories using this test method since its publication as a

suggested test method in June 1957,and from the results of an organized

test program among these laboratories.

NoTE 6—In a normal distribution approximately 68%of all test values

are included within±1 standard deviation of the mean.

6.3 Interpretation of Test Results—This test method pro-

vides information that allows classification as described in 6.2.

The comparison of materials within the same group is likely to

5h to 50 h

50 h to 200 h

over 200 h

D2132-23

be ambiguous unless three or more replicate specimens are

tested.When the test method is used for specification purposes,

do not establish simple minimum values without consideration

of the large variance to be expected in test results.It is

recommended that quality levels and specification minima be

determined by statistical techniques.

7.Apparatus

7.1 General—A schematic diagram of the power supply and

control apparatus for testing one specimen is shown in Fig.

3(a).It is generally desirable to test three or more specimens

simultaneously.It is recommended but not mandatory that a

separate power supply and control be used for each test

specimen.This allows “breaking-in”and recording of time to

failure separately for each specimen.

7.2 Circuit Breaker—The circuit breaker(current relay,OL)

interrupts the power supply on failure and stops the timing

meter.Use it as an ON-OFF switch and as a device for

interrupting air and water supply when all specimens fail. Fig.

3(b)illustrates the air and water supply circuit when three

specimens are tested using one fog nozzle.The circuit breaker

shall be rated at 2 A to 3 A,inverse-time element type,for a

115V supply.Use a resistance,R₀,to shunt the current coil

during the break-in period so that the breaker will not actuate

as a result of the bright-flash currents typical of this period.

Adjust the resistance to produce an effective breaker action at

approximately 6A(115V supply).Remove or switch out the

shunt resistance after break-in.

7.3 Supply Transformer⁴—Use a supply transformer,T₂,

capable of supplying 1500V,60 Hz,rms.A 200 VA potential

transformer is capable of supplying power for up to three

specimens if desired.Use a transformer with a 20:1 ratio when

used with a 115V primary supply.Choose a transformer that

offers an impedance between 600 Ω and 1200 Ω resistance and

200 Ω and 700 Ω reactance.Accomplish this by insertion of

inductance L and resistance R₁in the low-voltage side and

resistance R₂in the high-voltage side.

Westinghouse

purpose.

(a)Power supply and control circuit of wet tracking tests.

(b)Air and water supply circuit.

FIG.3 Circuit Diagrams

7.4 Control Transformer—Use a variable-ratio

autotransformer,T₁,to adjust the voltage as required.

7.5 Voltmeter—Use a voltmeter,V,in the primary side to

determine the specimen test voltage.Alternatively,use a

high-impedance voltmeter for connection in the secondary,in

which case take precautions to prevent electric shock to an

operator.If a voltmeter is used in the primary,calibrate it

against secondary voltage with a secondary load of 10 mA.

7.6 Monitoring Provisions—Use an ac ammeter,A,to moni-

tor specimen current.Use a separate ammeter for each test

specimen.Alternatively make provisions to connect an amme-

ter into each test-specimen circuit.Shunt the ammeter with a

normally closed contact,PB,and a capacitance,C,to protect

the ammeter from the large intermittent currents that occur

during break-in.Connect the capacitance,if used,by a switch,

SA.After the break-in period,open the switch unless the values

of the capacitance and ammeter impedances are such as to

produce negligible error in current measurement.Use terminals

A,B and C,D for oscilloscope monitoring,for current

measurement with a voltmeter in combination with a resistor,

or for insertion of an undercurrent relay to be used to stop the

clock if the scintillation current falls below the specified value.

7.7 Electrodes—Use three copper or brass electrodes 13 mm

by 51 mm by 3.2 mm(0.5 in.by 2 in.by 0.125 in.),with

corners rounded to a 3.2 mm(0.125 in.)radius on the top

surface of the specimen and spaced 25 mm(1 in.)apart as

shown in Fig.1 .Use a ground plate of copper or brass and of

the same size as the test specimen on the bottom surface and

mounted on an insulating support inclined 15 deg to the

horizontal as shown in Fig.1.Clamp the electrodes firmly to

the test specimen.A suggested arrangement is shown in Fig.4.

7.8 Test Chamber—Use acubicle test chamber,Fig.2 ,made

from plastic or metal.The front wall is made of glass or

poly(methyl methacrylate),or contains viewing ports or doors

made of these materials.Make the cubicle at least 510 mm

(20 in.)high and 710 mm(28 in.)wide.Determine the depth by

the number of specimens to be tested.Three specimens require

a minimum depth of 460 mm(18 in.).Fit the chamber with

means for venting near the bottom of the cubicle,preferably

along the end of the chamber where the specimens are located.

Limit the venting area to about 130 cm²(20 in.²)to eliminate

dependence of test results on the ambient humidity.

7.8.1 Mount one or more fog nozzles(Fig.5 )to obtain the

specified uniform moisture deposition on all test specimens.It

is suggested that one fog nozzle,mounted approximately

635 mm(25 in.)straight line distance from the nozzle to the

center specimen at a height of approximately 355 mm(14 in.)

above these specimens,will,with a suitably adjusted deflector,

produce the specified conditions for three test specimens in a

single cubicle (see Fig.2 ).When only one fog nozzle is used

in the cubicle,it is recommended that additional air be

introduced into the cubicle equal to about double that flowing

through a standard fog nozzle connected to an air supply of

0.035 MPa to 0.04 MPa (5 psig to 6 psig).

4General Electric

No.687588,have been

JE41,Model

satisfactory

KAR-3,and

for this

Type VS,Style

Type

found

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1ThisinternationalstandardwasdevelopedinaccordancewithinternationallyrecognizedprinciplesonstandardizationestablishedintheDecisiononPrinciplesfortheDevelopmentofInternationalStandards,GuidesandRecommendationsissuedbytheWorldTradeOrganizzationTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT)Committee.TERNATOMALDesignati...

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